DU / SOL / NCWEB
Unit - 1
Q1: Explain briefly the concept of Translation.
Ans: Here you need to explain that, what is the translation and how it works? like “Translation is an activity that aims at conveying meaning or meanings of a given linguistic discourse from one language to another.
Translation Process
Source Language -> TRANSLATOR -> Target Language
Q2: Critically reflect on translation as cultural transmission.
Ans: How Culture affect translator while translating something. like It's difficult to find the meaning of some words in Target language. Example: “सिन्दूर (Sindur)” in Hindu Religion.
Q3: Explain Interpreting and It's a different kind?
Ans: Interpreting is quite similar to translation, the translator works with written text and the interpreter works with spoken language.
Kind of Interpreting
1 - Consecutive Interpreting.
2- Simultaneous Interpreting.
Q4: Skills interpreter should need?
Ans:
• Have active listening skills and strive to improve them through self-training
• Have good memory retention skills
• Be able to take notes during the interpretation assignment to ensure accuracy of the information given
• Be able to mentally transpose and verbalize into the target language
Q5: Write a basic ethical code that an interpreter should follow?
Ans:
1- Interpreter shall keep all assignment-related information confidential.
2. Interpreter shall listen or read a message faithfully and always interpret the message correctly.
3. Interpreters shall not add or give their own personal opinions in a message, always interpret the message.
Q6: Is equivalence possible in translation?
Ans: Give your point of view!
Unit - 2
Q1: Define the following terms:
- Idiolect
- Register
- Dialect
- Style
Ans:
1. idiolect (“The language or speech pattern of one individual at a particular period of life”)
2. Register (“A register, in linguistics, is the way people use different words, spelling or grammar—talk or write differently—to different people, in different situations. They might be more polite to strangers, for example. Or they will be more respectful to their boss at work.”)
3. Dialect ( बोली )(“The definition of a dialect is a variety of a language which has a different pronunciation, grammar or vocabulary than the standard language of the culture. An example of dialect is Cantonese to the Chinese language.”)
4. Style(“Linguistic style refers to a person's characteristic speaking pattern. It includes such features as directness or indirectness, pacing and pausing, word choice, and the use of such elements as jokes, figures of speech, stories, questions, and apologies.”)
Q4: What do you mean by standard language? Define it.
Ans: A standard language (also standard variety, standard dialect, and standard) is a language variety that has undergone substantial codification of grammar and usage and is employed by a population for public communication.
The process of Standardization is a four-part process –
1. A variety of the Language is selected from the available varieties.
2. The chosen variety is codified through the writing of standard grammar, manuals of pronunciation, thesauruses. Reference books, dictionaries, etc.
3. There is the elaboration of the language wherein the formal public domains this language is used.
4. That variety of language gets wide acceptance within the community.
Unit - 3
Q1: Define the following terms:
a) Equivalence
b) Analysis (of source text)
c) Restructuring
Ans: 1. Equivalence: For linguistic scholars, translation is actually applied linguistics. In the process of translation, the person actually decodes the source language and tries to find the equivalent meaning of those words phrases, and symbols and produce it in the target language. A linguistic equivalence is achieved if the target language (in a specific linguistic medium) carries the same intended meaning or message that the source language carries.
2. Analysis ( of source text ): A translator analyzes the source text features at all levels to form a pool of translation difficulties and find the relevant solutions. ... The translation brief (translation purpose) is extralinguistic, and translation analysis is largely sourced text-oriented
3. Restructuring - This is the final step of the translation process, In this step translator fin the accurate grammatical Structure and vocabulary to translate the original text into a target language.
Q2: Explain the three-stage system in translation to “Nida”?
Ans: There are three stages of Translation :
Analysis
Transfer
Restructuring
Q3. Is it possible to translate every word in the same sense from the source language to target? language? If not, why?
Ans: It’s difficult to find the meaning of any word in the target language because every language has a different meaning of a word and in some languages has no meaning of the source language of the word.
Q4: Differentiate between formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence.
Ans:
Formal Equivalence: When a language is translated into another one, there is a problem: the meaning of a word or a phrase in the first language is not the same as that of the word or phrase in the second language. The approach towards this kind of translation is called formal equivalence.
Dynamic Equivalence: dynamic equivalence, the term as he originally coined, is the "quality of a translation in which the message of the original text has been so transported into the receptor(“receiver”) language that the response of the receptor(“receiver”) is essentially like that of the original receptors(“receiver”).
Unit - 4
Q 1: Write short notes on the following:
a) Translation of Advertisements
b) Translation and Technology
c) Literal translation
d) Semantic Translation
Ans:
A) Translation of advertisement is a process, that translator translates an advertisement in different languages while translating translator keep in mind that translated advertisement should be easy to read and understandable.
B) Technology made our work easier and we can do many activities with the help of technological Devices. by the help of technology we can translate one language into another language. It knows as Computer-Aided Translation or CAT.
C) Literal translation, direct translation, or word-for-word translation is a translation of a text done by translating each word separately, without looking at how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence
D) Semantic translation is said to produce a certain kind of naturalness of the translated text in the target language.
Q2: What is the use of technology in translation?
Ans: Here you have to write that, how technology helps you in translation like we have some of the tools on the internet, which help us to translate a message in other languages. example Google Translator Yahoo Translator, and there are many apps for translation.
Q3: What is the role of translation in mass communication?
Ans: In mass communication and media, translation has a major role that many advertising and media companies neglect. Translation as a creative activity involves an in-depth study of the language, audience, and other aspects while promoting the product or news in the respective language. (“write More long answer”)
Q4: Differentiate between sense to sense and word to word translation.
Q5: What are the various types of translation that are possible?
Ans:
- Types of Translation
- Semantic Translation
- Literal Translation
- Communicative Translation
- Administrative Translation
- Technical Translation
- Official Translation
- Literacy Translation
- Non-Literary Translation
Unit- 5
Q 1: What is Feminism theory?
ANS: Feminism theory is a theory as well as a political, cultural, or economic movement aimed at establishing equal rights and legal protection for women.
Q 2:Explain Translation and caste.
Ans: Translation and caste: We study about two or more caste relationships. when we study translation in India so basically we study about “Dalit”, because in Indian history we will not get any details about “Dalit”. So many “Dalit” writers and scholars started writing about the “Dalit” so the world know about the “Dalit”. Raj Kumar book’s “Dalit Personal narratives: Reading caste Nation and Identity”, point out how the Dalit, especially the untouchables caste system, and their life.
Q 3: Explain translation and Gender.
ANS :
1: Male dominant on women
2: condition of women
3: Feminism Theory
4: Explain
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